Evolution of anthropic coastal landscapes and ground deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) since Roman times: insights from multi-technique surveys

This study explores the long-term evolution of the coastal landscape within the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy), a highly dynamic volcanic region affected by persistent ground deformation. Through an integrated, multi-technique approach combining archaeological surveys, acoustic seabed mapping, and stratigraphic and geophysical analysis, the research reconstructs relative sea-level changes and vertical ground movements since Roman times. Submerged Roman structures serve as precise sea-level indicators, revealing spatially heterogeneous patterns of uplift and subsidence over the last 2400 years. These findings shed light on the interplay between volcanictectonic processes and human adaptation strategies in shaping the coastal environment. The results not only enhance the understanding of past landscape dynamics in Campi Flegrei but also offer a valuable reference for evaluating future risks in coastal areas affected by geological instability.