Nitrogen dioxide pollution increases vulnerability to COVID‑19 through altered immune function

Previous ecological studies suggest the existence of possible interplays between the exposure to air pollutants and SARSCoV-2 infection. Confrmations at individual level, however, are lacking. To explore the relationships between previous exposure to particulate matter<10 μm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the clinical outcome following hospital admittance, and lymphocyte subsets in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. In 147 geocoded patients, we assessed the individual exposure to PM10 and NO2 in the 2 weeks before hospital admittance. We divided subjects according to the clinical outcome (i.e., discharge at home vs in-hospital death), and explored the lymphocyte-related immune function as an index possibly afecting individual vulnerability to the infection. As compared with discharged subjects, patients who underwent in-hospital death presented neutrophilia, lymphopenia, lower number of T CD45, CD3, CD4, CD16/56+CD3+, and B CD19+cells, and higher previous exposure to NO2, but not PM10. Age and previous NO2 exposure were independent predictors for mortality. NO2 concentrations were also negatively related with the number of CD45, CD3, and CD4 cells. Previous NO2 exposure is a co-factor independently afecting the mortality risk in infected individuals, through negative immune efects. Lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte subsets might precede viral infection due to nonmodifable (i.e., age) and external (i.e., air pollution) factors. Thus, decreasing the burden of air pollutants should be a valuable primary prevention measure to reduce individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality.