The recent increase in environmental and climate-related litigation, at both national and international levels, reflects a gradual transformation of states’ obligations regarding environmental protection. In this context, the advisory opinion issued on 21 May 2024 by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), at the request of the Commission on Small Island States (COSIS), constitutes a major contribution to the development of the law of the sea. This study analyses this opinion in the light of contemporary climate case law along three main lines. First, it examines the reaffirmation of the ITLOS’s advisory jurisdiction and its role in the evolution of maritime dispute settlement, particularly in view of the 2023 BBNJ Agreement. Secondly, it analyses the classification of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions as pollution of the marine environment within the meaning of UNCLOS, as well as the interpretative method based on systemic integration with climate law. Finally, it assesses the scope of state obligations, in particular due diligence, the precautionary principle and common but differentiated responsibilities.
Il recente incremento dei contenziosi in materia ambientale e climatica, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale, riflette una progressiva evoluzione degli obblighi statali di tutela dell’ambiente. In tale scenario, il parere consultivo reso il 21 maggio 2024 dal Tribunale Internazionale per il Diritto del Mare (ITLOS), su richiesta della Commissione dei Piccoli Stati Insulari (COSIS), rappresenta un contributo fondamentale allo sviluppo del diritto del mare. Il presente lavoro analizza tale parere alla luce della giurisprudenza climatica contemporanea, articolandosi lungo tre direttrici principali. In primo luogo, viene esaminata la riaffermazione della funzione consultiva dell'ITLOS e il suo ruolo nell’evoluzione del sistema di risoluzione delle controversie marittime, con particolare riferimento all’Accordo BBNJ del 2023. In secondo luogo, l'indagine si sofferma sulla qualificazione delle emissioni antropiche di gas a effetto serra quale inquinamento dell'ambiente marino ai sensi della Convenzione UNCLOS, nonché sul metodo interpretativo fondato sull’integrazione sistemica con il diritto internazionale del clima. Infine, lo studio valuta la portata degli obblighi in capo agli Stati, con specifico riguardo al dovere di diligenza (due diligence), al principio di precauzione e al principio delle responsabilità comuni ma differenziate.
Towards the Legal Recognition of the Ocean – Climate Nexus: Systemic Integration and the Redefinition of States’ Duties of Care in the ITLOS Advisory Opinion
michele corleto
2026-01-01
Abstract
The recent increase in environmental and climate-related litigation, at both national and international levels, reflects a gradual transformation of states’ obligations regarding environmental protection. In this context, the advisory opinion issued on 21 May 2024 by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), at the request of the Commission on Small Island States (COSIS), constitutes a major contribution to the development of the law of the sea. This study analyses this opinion in the light of contemporary climate case law along three main lines. First, it examines the reaffirmation of the ITLOS’s advisory jurisdiction and its role in the evolution of maritime dispute settlement, particularly in view of the 2023 BBNJ Agreement. Secondly, it analyses the classification of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions as pollution of the marine environment within the meaning of UNCLOS, as well as the interpretative method based on systemic integration with climate law. Finally, it assesses the scope of state obligations, in particular due diligence, the precautionary principle and common but differentiated responsibilities.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
